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Bullet Impact Analysis of Aluminum and UHMWPE Armor: A Comparative Study with NIJ Context

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  1. Introduction Ballistic protection remains a critical aspect of modern engineering, particularly in defense and personal safety applications. The effectiveness of armor systems depends not only on their ability to stop projectiles, but also on how they manage and dissipate the immense energy generated during high-velocity impacts. This study presents a numerical analysis of a 7.62 mm projectile impacting two different armor materials Aluminum (Al) and Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE). While the analysis is simplified, it provides valuable insight into how different materials respond under identical ballistic conditions. To further ground the findings in real-world applications, the results are also compared against established ballistic protection benchmarks such as NIJ Standard-0101.06 and NIJ Standard-0101.07. 2. Projectile Description The projectile used in this simulation is defined as follows: Diameter: 7.62 mm Length: 25.89 mm Material: P...
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RELIABILITY STUDY OF A COMPOSITE OVERWRAPPED PRESSURE VESSEL (COPV)

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1. Introduction Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and energy applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and superior fatigue performance compared to conventional metallic pressure vessels. A typical COPV consists of a thin metallic liner, primarily responsible for leak tightness, and an external composite overwrap that carries the majority of the pressure-induced loads. This report presents a detailed finite element–based reliability and failure study of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel using ANSYS Workbench. The analysis focuses on understanding the stress distribution, deformation behavior, and failure margins of the composite laminate and aluminum liner under internal pressure loading. 2. Objectives of the Study The primary objectives of this study are: To understand the structural configuration of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel. To perform stress and deformati...
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Linear Static Analysis and Material Evaluation of a Bicycle Frame Under Two Rider-Loading Scenarios

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1. Problem Definition This study investigates how a bicycle frame behaves structurally under typical rider loads. Using  ANSYS Static Structural , the goal is to evaluate stress, deformation, and material performance to determine which material;  structural steel, aluminium, or assumed carbon fibre  offers the best combination of stiffness, durability, and weight efficiency for the same frame geometry. The analysis also identifies critical stress regions, explains the physical reasons behind them, and provides design recommendations for improving real-world frame performance. 2. Simulation Setup 2.1 Geometry and Constraints The bicycle frame geometry was kept constant for all cases. The supports were applied at the wheel axles as follows: Front axle: fixed in Y and Z; free in X Rear axle: fully fixed in X, Y, and Z These constraints simulate a rigid wheel–ground interaction without suspension compliance. 2.2 Loading Scenarios A 100 k...
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